Masculinity Masculinity And Masculinity Essay - 1593 Words

Introduction Masculinity is a topic that has been debated in society quite often. Many wonder what is means to be masculine and if there can truly be one definition to a term that can vary so widely. Traditional masculinity has certain characteristics assigned to it such as strength, power, control, to be tough, and show no emotion, etc. These traits and thus masculinity have been traditionally assigned to the male body as â€Å"the male body is the most common purveyor of masculinity, but that does not mean that masculinity is entirely contained within the male body† (Reeser 17). While the male body might appear to be the most natural element of masculinity â€Å"masculinity has no natural attachment to the male body, even if is it commonly considered a male belonging† (Reeser 131). Transgender men, individuals who have transitioned or in the process of transitioning from female to male, embrace cultural ideals of masculinity as a means of being accepted into society as male. In th is sense, masculinity can be perceived as a performance that transgender men give in order to successfully move through the world as male. Masculinity offers a sort of camouflage that allows transgender men to function as men without having to reveal their transgender status. The camouflage that embracing traditional ideal of masculinity and visibly passing as cisgender allows a sense of relief and safety for transgender men. This essay will examine how transgender men perform masculinity as crucial aspectShow MoreRelatedMasculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity1850 Words   |  8 Pagesin which femininity and masculinity play a role in society. At the end of World War II, there were many interpretations on what it meant to be a man† most notably for soldiers returning home from the war whom were either unemployed, handicap and/or suffering from PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). Film and television acted as pivotal agents that influenced a change in the way masculinity was defined. They explored social values as they refer to the ideas of masculinity and femininity by reflectingRead MoreMasculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity851 Words   |  4 Pages Masculinity At its Manliest In both Douglas Schrock and Michael Schwalbe’s Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts and Sharon Bird’s Welcome to the Mens’s Club, we see compelling arguments for the treatments on the categories of â€Å"masculinity.† By comparing both articles, the significant similarities and differences between the two variations can be identified. In doing so, the function of â€Å"masculinity† in society, according to each author, can also beRead MoreMasculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesbe a shot to his manhood. To most men and boys in western society, masculinity is what separate the men from the women and the boys from the girls. However, what is masculinity and why do most men and boys’ try so hard to guard theirs? My understanding of masculinity, and as technically defined, is having customary qualities attributed to or usually applicable to a male. My position is that society encourages hegemonic masculinity thu s forming basis for males to exhibit traditional masculine qualitiesRead MoreMasculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity1769 Words   |  8 Pages Masculinity There are different ways for men become masculine, people can teach them or let them figure it out when growing up. Masculinity is usually described as being strong, manly, or dominate. It is also used when someone is describing men and how masculine they are. Many people use the word â€Å"masculine† to describe a man and put them into a category if they see that he fits. Many people believe that boys should not be brought up by punishing them if they did not do something masculine. TheyRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity926 Words   |  4 PagesMultiple Masculinities The certain qualities a man processes plays into how masculine he is rated to be. The way he portrays himself in his looks, actions and everyday life paints a bigger picture for the type of male he is. Connell argues that hegemonic masculinity is the ultimate goal that men strive for. Hegemonic masculinity is the idea of men being powerful, strong and dominant. Not many people actually live up to this theory, but nearly all men strive to achieve it. Marginalized masculinity andRead MoreMasculinity : Masculinity And Violence Essay2278 Words   |  10 PagesMasculinity and violence Violence is a mechanism of coercive control that is used to maintain and reinforce gender difference and hierarchy. Building on Lynch s (2009) claim that hegemonic masculinity is toxic to both the men and women left in its wake this essay aims to explore the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and violence. Placing a specific focus on acts of intimate partner violence and mass shootings, and exploring the works of Lynch (2009), Keith (2011), Baugher, GazmararianRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity1092 Words   |  5 Pages‘hegemonic masculinity’ and ‘the field of masculinity’ depicted in this film. ‘Hegemonic masculinity’, which is proposed by Connell (1987), is assumed to ‘the pattern of practice (i.e., things done, not just a set of role expectations or an identity) that allowed men’s dominance over women to continue.’ (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005, p.832) However, hegemonic masculinity h as strong influence not only over women, but also over other men as Demetriou (2001, p.341) states. Hegemonic masculinity dominatesRead MoreMasculinity And Masculinity, By Michael Kimmel Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pagesmen are often subject to extreme methods of proving their masculinity, and to reinforce what it truly means to be a man. Michael Kimmel, famous sociologist said, â€Å"Masculinity is the relentless repudiation of the feminine† (Kimmel, 2015), which not only reflects how men think about themselves but how North Americans as an entire culture think about masculinity and manhood. The following pages will be centered on issues of the lens of masculinity in contexts such as the sphere of education, the predominanceRead MoreToxic Masculinity : Substance Masculinity1921 Words   |  8 PagesAs a boy grows into a man he faces the ever-raising mountain of masculinity. In regards to the occurrence, he finally reaches maturity he has no choice but in order to fight to re tain his measly sense of manhood. He is not allowed to act feminine or else he’s not man enough, he can’t show his emotions, he has to hide that he can do anything a woman can do sans give birth. Boys grow up being told they are not allowed to cry and that they are supposed to be tough, that they are not able to be likeRead MoreHegemonic Masculinity : Masculinity And Masculinity2351 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is hegemonic masculinity? What are the merits and shortcomings of this concept? In Connell’s original conception, hegemonic masculinity can be understood as ‘the pattern of practice that allowed men’s dominance over women’ (1987). Hegemonic masculinity is the exclusive masculinity of which only a few exhibit. The majority of men in fact experience complicit masculinity, allowing them to dominate in the patriarchal system in which it created. Connell (1987) believed it was this that created

Rhetoric And The Perils Of Indifference By Elie Wiesel

Rhetoric Observed in The Perils of Indifference Elie Wiesel, distinguished author and Holocaust survivor, spoke of his experience at the Millennium event in 1999. This event was hosted by President Clinton where Wiesel spoke about his experience in the Holocaust to commemorate the closing Millennium. Aside from this great honor, Elie Wiesel worked at Boston University for some time and acquired many medals of recognition such as The United States Congressional Medal as well as starting The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity (Elie Wiesel. ). Wiesel also won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968 and his novel are incorporated in many High School educations. Elie Wiesel is an intense individual himself with a bitter tone and this method of rhetoric enhances his persuasion. Wiesel’s pieces are persuasive while being rhetorically beautiful and The Perils of Indifference is no exception. In the Cognitive Expansion article, the author analyzes Wiesel’s speech at the Millennial event. The author found that in the beginning of the piece, Wiesel pointed out specific audience members and compliments them only so that he may point out their flaws later in the speech so the audience may get a sense of the entire individual (Cognitive Expansion ). For example, he praises the current president and then goes and bashes the decisions of previous presidents to show the different tactics of Presidents and how they can be ineffective and selfish (Cognitive Expansion). This is a prerequisiteShow MoreRelatedElie Wiesels Perils of Indifference698 Words   |  3 PagesD.C., Elie Wiesel gave a speech during the Millennium Lecture Series that took place in the East Room of the White House. The speech was given in front of Mr. Bill and Mrs. Hillary Clinton, Ambassador Richard Holbrooke, and other officials. Elie Wiesel is an author most noted for his novel Night, a Nobel Peace Prize recipient, and political activist. In the speech he spoke on his view of indifference and explaine d how it was negatively affecting humanity and the nation as a whole. The Perils of IndifferenceRead MoreEssay about Elie Wiesel’s â€Å"The Perils of Indifference† Speech1155 Words   |  5 PagesElie Wiesel’s â€Å"The Perils of Indifference† Speech Elie Wiesel, a Noble Peace Prize winner and Boston University Professor, presented a speech as part of the Millennium Lecture Series at the White House on April 12, 1999. President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton hosted the formal lecture series. Numerous dignitaries from a wide array of public, private and foreign office attended the event. Although Elie Wiesel designed his speech to persuade, it actually fell somewhat outside the deliberativeRead MoreThe Perils Of Indifference By Elie Wiesel963 Words   |  4 PagesII, Elie Wiesel shared his story with America among the President and First-lady, Hillary Clinton, to inspire the world to act upon social and political injustices. In his speech â€Å"The Perils of Indifference†, Wiesel opened up about his past and how it made him realize how important it is to stand up against crimes against humanity. He also discussed the state of the American people and compared their involvement in foreign intervention back to t he lack of intervention in World War II. Wiesel motivatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Elie Wiesels Speech1199 Words   |  5 Pagescamp waiting to die would you feel indifferent. Elie Wiesel, a Nobel Peace Prize winner and Boston University Professor, presented a speech as part of the Millennium Lecture Series at the White House on April 12, 1999 2.(Wiesel 221). President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton hosted the formal event. Numerous government officials from a wide order of public, private and foreign office attended the event 2.(Wiesel 221). Although Elie Wiesel designed his speech to persuade, it actually feltRead MoreElie Wiesel Speech To Persuasion Persuasive Analysis1396 Words   |  6 PagesElie Wiesel, a Noble Peace Prize winner and Boston University Professor, presented a speech as part of the Millennium Lecture Series at the White House on April 12, 1999. President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton hosted the formal lecture series. Numerous dignitaries from a wide array of public, private and foreign office attended the event. Although Elie Wiesel designed his speech to persuade, it actually fell somewhat outside the deliberative genre category, as being more non-typicalRead MoreThe Perils Of Indifference By Louise Erdrich755 Words   |  4 Pagesall-time favorite authors, Elie Wiesel, died this past week. His extraordinary life and mindset regarding humanity has altered my way of thinking. Taken from his speech â€Å"The Perils of Indifference† these lines have stuck with me and can be applied to numerous situations: â€Å"The opposite of live is not hate, it’s indifference† (American Rhetoric: Elie Wiesel - The Perils of Indifference, 2016). Through his life experiences and words,Wiesel illustrates the dangers of indifference on society and the lives

Prenting Suicide in United Kingdom

Question: Describe about the Prenting Suicide in United Kingdom? Answer: It has been observed that over 90% of the populace who die by suicide suffers from a mental sickness. Aseltine and DeMartino (2014) have found in his research work that most common mental illness is depression and most of the times; untreated depression is counted one of the causes of depression. In England, one person dies every two hours by committing suicide. It is of no doubt to say that when an individual attempt suicide, the effect on the family and friends are devastating. Apart from friends and the family, many other related people who are associated with them for giving support, as well as care, face the impact and their life get affected profoundly. Therefore, it is no doubt to say that prevention of suicide is highly significant and integral part and thus, this section is required to be taken care off (Bagley 2011). World Health Organization has defined mental health as one of the states of the happiness in which a personage realizes his or her incapability to cope up with usual stress of life and thus want to end off their life. Berman et al. (2012) have opined that there are two types of suicidal tendencies and they are traditional suicide and assisted suicide. Farberow and Shneidman (2011) have said that the traditional death is referred to those persons who plan any self-destructive actions to finish life under immense pressure. On the other hand, assisted suicide is a process where a physician might help a terminally ill person to die, avoiding an immediate and inevitable as well as potentially painful decline. In this particular research work, the entire focus would be shed on preventing suicide in the United Kingdom. Reducing the risk of death in key high-risk groups: It has been seen that men are at three times greater risk than women and the suicide-prone men are aged fewer than 50. Reports have found out that man, aged 35-49 are presently the group with the highest suicide rate. Apart from this group, older men who are above 75 years as well have higher rates of death by suicide and that might reflect the impact of depression, social isolation, bereavement or any mental illness (Garland et al.2011). Garland and Zigler (2012) have successfully identified some of the factors that are solely associated with suicide in men and these are unemployment, family and the relationship problem, untreated, misuse of alcohol, marital breakup, divorce and low self-esteem. These indulge men in attempting suicide and these all parts are required to deal carefully to avoid death. However, suicides rates are seen as comparatively lower than the early 1990s and 2000s, but still this is one of the major concerns in the entire Europe (Garlow et al. 2012). Gloominess affects one in six women in Europe: It has been seen that depression is very common and frequent in the aged young people and this might be because of having an unceasing sickness and this increased the risk of having gloominess. Goldsmith et al. (2012) have stated that global data indicates that sadness caused an inferior decrement in the self-reported physical condition score than angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma and diabetes. Depression affects Europeans during peak earning years: Gunnell and Frankel (2014) have stated that depression causes illness in the developed countries because of the untimely commencement and unlike much physical confusion that takes into account later in their life. It has been seen that many countries in the Western Europe have understood that an ever increasing numbers of sickness spells and the early retirements because of mental disorder, especially depression. Two-thirds of the individuals with depression have reported severe interference with some normal function, considerably elevated quantity than the individuals with their constant bodily circumstances (Hawton and Van Heeringen 2011). Mann et al. (2015) have said that severe depression has always been one of the reasons people entrust suicide and this is often accompanied by an invasive sense of anguish along with the belief that runs away from the suffering is helpless. This pain of continuation is often become too much for the cruelly miserable populace to bear and thus, they select suicide as the way to relief from pain. Mann et al. (2015) have stated that malicious inner voices often control self-destruction for impenetrable reasons. Therefore, it can be said that psychosis is much harder to mask than hopelessness and questionably even more catastrophic. It can be indicated that untreated or poorly treated almost most of the times demands hospital admittance to a locked ward until the voices lose their commanding power. People become reckless often because of drugs and alcohol and some people become highly mawkish and impetuously attempt to end their own lives. Meltzer et al. (2013) have stated that substance abuse as well as fundamental reasons for it and usually one of the greater concerns in these people and should be well addressed as insistently as probable. Motto and Bostrom (2011) has said that the decision to entrust suicide for some is based on a rational conclusion and is often aggravated by the presence of a throbbing incurable sickness from which no hope of amnesty exists. These people try to take control of their destiny and assuage their own sufferings. It has been seen that these people are not miserable, psychotic, and over-sentimental, they target to take the power of their providence and lighten their own sufferings that habitually can be only done in bereavement. Prevention and treatment of depression in one of the greatest challenges in Europe: Isacsson (2014) has opined that hopelessness can be prevented and the emotional interferences for the people at risk of gloominess might decrease the possibility of expansion of a depressed person. Therefore, the government in different parts of Europe has incorporated some of the suicide and depression preventing programs to save the suicide prone people in Europe. Kreitman (2011) has opined that depression is a treatable turmoil and under-treatment is widespread in the United Kingdom. It has been stated that acknowledgment of sadness is not highly involved; however, under-recognition exists among the health care professionals. Therefore, it is no doubt to say that educational activities for health care proficients are highly essential. Reducing access to the means of suicide: Lloyd (2011) has stated that one of the most effectual means to put off suicide is to decrease access to the highly-lethality means of suicide. This is because sometimes people attempt suicide on impulsive and if the means are not easily available, the suicidal impulsive may pass. In this part, it is highly important to look at some of the methods that are most amendable to intervention and they have been mentioned here. Self-poisoning, hanging and strangulation in psychiatric inpatient as well as criminal justice settings are some of the widely used suicide methods. Lloyd (2011) has importantly mentioned in his research work that the media has one of the major roles to play in avoiding reporting as well as portraying any new high-lethality methods of suicide because this has the tendency to increase the number of fatal suicide attempts. However, it can be said that the internet is one of the ready sources that provide detailed information regarding the use of the deadly suicide efforts. It has been found that a considerable number of deaths still take place due to over consumption of paracetamol. In this regards, it can be said that intense importance is required to shed on prescribing some toxic drugs to the patients, as it has been identified one of the major reasons for a large number of suicides in the United Kingdom (Lloyd 2011). Understanding and preventing suicide: World Health Organization or WHO has estimated that near about 1 million people each year die from suicide and this is required to be prevented. Motto and Bostrom (2011) has demonstrated that suicide is one of the desperate attempts to escape sufferings that have become unbeatable. It has been seen that most of the people who talk about suicide do not try that and those who commit suicide give some clues or warning and thus it is required to focus on this part carefully. Therefore, it can be said that the best way to put off suicide is to efficiently distinguish these warnings signs and know well how to respond if one want to stop them. Rasic et al. (2012) have said that major warning signs for suicide take into account talking about killing or harming oneself, speaking as well as writing anything related to death, seeking out of the things that are used in the suicide attempt like weapons or drugs. Talking about suicide This is one of the initial stages and if a person is seen with this characteristics, must be dealt immediately to save that person from attempting suicide (Shaffer and Craft 2011) No hope for the future Feeling of hopelessness, helplessness and being badly trapped and a string belief that nothing is going to be better. This part is required to take care immediately in order to save the person from suicide Self-loathing, self-hatred The bad feeling of insignificance, fault, disgrace and self-hatred. Feeling of burden is another feeling that is required to deal immediately to save the suicide-prone person Saying goodbye Shaffer and Craft (2011) have reported that the persons who want to commit suicide pay unusual and unexpected visit or call to family and friends are required to deal seriously Withdrawing from others Gradual increase of social isolation, removing from the close friends and families is another major part; that is a strong sign of committing suicide Self-destructive behaviour Increased use of alcohol and drug, reckless driving, taking unnecessary risks are some of the prominent features of a suicide prone person Sudden sense of calm Shaffer and Craft (2011) have opined that an unexpected sense of peace and contentment after being extremely depressed can indicate that the person has made a conclusion to entrust suicide Adoption of the specific strategies: Shaffer et al. (2011) have said that there are several specific suicide prevention strategies available in the United Kingdom and these have been mentioned here. Assortment and training of a group of people, mainly volunteer inhabitant groups that offer secret recommendation services. Gradually endorsing mental pliability through optimism and connectedness Proper and enhanced knowledge about suicide, taking into account risk factors, warning signs as well as the availability of help Dropping the amount of dosages that are supplied in the packages of the non-prescription medicines such as aspirin Sinking domestic violence and substance abuse are long-term strategies in order to reduce several mental health problems. Interventions targeted at the high-risk groups (Shaffer et al. 2011). Proper research of the causes of suicide and further research work to prevent suicides Shaffer et al. (2011) have stated that it can be suggested that several news media can help put off suicide by connecting death with unenthusiastic results like soreness for suicide as well as the effect on the survivors. Trends of suicide in the elderly people: Many research works have found that the highest suicide rates of any age group take into account among the persons aged 65 years and older. One of the major contributing factors is a depression in the elderly that is undiagnosed as well as untreated. Taylor, Kingdom and Jenkins (2014) have found that some of the major factors for suicide in the older age takes into account are as follows: Recent death of the close and loved persons Physical illness, disability and pain Social isolation as well as loneliness Major changes in life like retirement, termination from job Lose of self-government (Vieland et al. 2011) Loss of a sense of purpose Therefore, it can be stated that these all are required to take care of sensitively for saving those suicide-prone persons and bring them back to the flow of normal life. In the United Kingdom, there are drug and talk therapies in order to prevent death. Both the government and non-voluntary groups are responsible for taking care of those persons who are prone to suicide. It can be said that suicide can be prevented and 10th September is World Suicide Prevention Day. The entire September month is dedicated to suicide prevention awareness in different parts of United Kingdom. Wasserman (2015) has said that it is impossible to guarantee that one will never get a mental illness, but there are several steps that improve the mental condition. It can be mentioned that suicide is one of the major gender issues and social inequality problem. This is a devastating event for the families and communities. Samaritans strategy is one of the positive approaches that has aimed to work together in order to reduce suicide in 2015 to 2021. Wasserman (2015) has said that reducing suicide clearly indicates reaching as many people as possible, who are at the risk of committing suicide. This can effectively help the life of many people, whose life are at risk and can be saved them from attempting suicide. Here, some of the recent trends have been described. There were 6708 suicides in both UK and Republic of Ireland in 2013 and it is recommended to check this huge number. In 2014, 6233 suicide cases were registered and this corresponds to a rate of 11.9%/100,000 and the government is required to introduce some of the effective strategies to deal with this number. Scotland and Northern Ireland demonstrates higher suicide rates in general for both the sex and the responsible government must shed focus on these parts (Wasserman 2015) It is required to provide suicide preventing training to various volunteer groups in UK Enhanced follow-up support for the people who have attained death and caused self-harm Provide large safety measures at the high-risk locations of suicide Wasserman (2015) has suggested local specialist suicide bereavement counselling is one of the important parts to reduce the rate of suicide. It is required to combat the stigma surrounding suicidal thoughts as well as behaviour along some other treatable factors that are solely linked to suicide links mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence. These tends to create several negative outcomes and thus results in diminished opportunities for both employment and social relationship. Therefore, proper education and knowledge related to these issues are required to provide in order to combat with the situation (Wasserman 2015). Taylor, Kingdom and Jenkins (2014) have stated that another major part is to limit to the access to the suicide methods and make the rules and regulations so tight especially for them who are at the risk of death. It is important to strengthen the social support networks through community-based groups and several encouraging government programs. Taylor, Kingdom and Jenkins (2014) have stated that the National Offender Management Service of UK has a system that concentrates on monitoring all the deaths as well as some other incidents in the prison custody. It has been seen that many prisoners in the jail attempt suicide and this contributes in increasing the total number of deaths in the overall statistics. Apart from that, it can be seen that under the Police Reform Act of 2002 concentrates on England and New South Wales have statutory duty to refer to the IPCC and any other complaint or incidents that involve a death that has occurred during or following police contact (Wasserman 2015). Around 4400 people end their lives in England every year and that is one death every two hours and at least 10 times that number attempt suicide (Bagley 2011). Around 75% of suicidal incidents are men and in almost all cultures, the suicide rates largely rise with the rise of age. Taylor, Kingdom and Jenkins (2014) have suggested that it is important for both the government and the volunteers to enhance the research work on several suicide statistics and the methods of prevention in order to reduce the number of suicide attempts in the United Kingdom. From statistics, it has been found that suicide has remained one of the leading causes of death for both men and women in different parts of the United Kingdom. On the World Suicide Prevention Day, the government has announced its commitment to suicide by publishing a cross-government strategy for England. The government and the volunteer groups of the United Kingdom are well aware of the high suicide rates in the United Kingdom and thus they have been planning to adopt several strategies to reduce the numbers. It has been seen that due to several reasons, males are at high risk than females and clinical and social risk factors as well play major roles. References Aseltine Jr, R.H. and DeMartino, R., 2014. An outcome evaluation of the SOS suicide prevention program.American Journal of Public Health,94(3), pp.446-451. Bagley, C., 2011. The evaluation of a suicide prevention scheme by an ecological method.Social Science Medicine (1967),2(1), pp.1-14. Berman, A.L., Jobes, D.A. and Silverman, M.M., 2012.Adolescent Suicide: Assessment and intervention. American Psychological Association. Farberow, N.L. and Shneidman, E.S., 2011. The cry for help. London: SAGE Garland, A., Shaffer, D. and Whittle, B., 2011. A national survey of school-based, adolescent suicide prevention programs.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,28(6), pp.931-934. Garland, A.F. and Zigler, E., 2012. Adolescent suicide prevention: Current research and social policy implications.American Psychologist,48(2), p.169. Garlow, S.J., Rosenberg, J., Moore, J.D., Haas, A.P., Koestner, B., Hendin, H. and Nemeroff, C.B., 2012. Depression, desperation, and suicidal ideation in college students: results from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention College Screening Project at Emory University.Depression and anxiety,25(6), pp.482-488. Goldsmith, S.K., Pellmar, T.C., Kleinman, A.M. and Bunney, W.E., 2012.Reducing suicide: a national imperative. National Academies Press. Goldston, D.B., Molock, S.D., Whitbeck, L.B., Murakami, J.L., Zayas, L.H. and Hall, G.C.N., 2012. Cultural considerations in adolescent suicide prevention and psychosocial treatment.American Psychologist,63(1), p.14. Gunnell, D. and Frankel, S., 2014. Prevention of suicide: aspirations and evidence.BMJ: British Medical Journal,308(6938), p.1227. Hawton, K. and Van Heeringen, K. eds., 2011.The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. John Wiley Sons. Hawton, K., 2014. A national target for reducing suicide: important for mental health strategy as well as for suicide prevention.British Medical Journal,317(7052), pp.156-158. Isacsson, G., 2014. Suicide preventiona medical breakthrough?.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,102(2), pp.113-117. Kreitman, N., 2011. The coal gas story. United Kingdom suicide rates, 1960-71.British journal of preventive social medicine,30(2), pp.86-93. Lloyd, C., 2011.Suicide and self-injury in prison: a literature review(pp. 20-24). HM Stationery Office. Mann, J.J., Apter, A., Bertolote, J., Beautrais, A., Currier, D., Haas, A., Hegerl, U., Lonnqvist, J., Malone, K., Marusic, A. and Mehlum, L., 2015. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review.Jama,294(16), pp.2064-2074. Meltzer, H.Y., Alphs, L., Green, A.I., Altamura, A.C., Anand, R., Bertoldi, A., Bourgeois, M., Chouinard, G., Islam, M.Z., Kane, J. and Krishnan, R., 2013. Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: international suicide prevention trial (InterSePT).Archives of general psychiatry,60(1), pp.82-91. Motto, J.A. and Bostrom, A.G., 2011. A randomized controlled trial of postcrisis suicide prevention.Psychiatric services. Rasic, D.T., Belik, S.L., Elias, B., Katz, L.Y., Enns, M., Sareen, J. and Team, S.C.S.P., 2012. Spirituality, religion and suicidal behavior in a nationally representative sample.Journal of affective disorders,114(1), pp.32-40. Shaffer, D. and Craft, L., 2011. Methods of adolescent suicide prevention.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Shaffer, D., Garland, A.N.N., Vieland, V., Underwood, M. and Busner, C., 2011. The impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,30(4), pp.588-596. Shaffer, D., Vieland, V., Garland, A., Rojas, M., Underwood, M. and Busner, C., 2011. Adolescent suicide attempters: response to suicide-prevention programs.Jama,264(24), pp.3151-3155. Taylor, S.J., Kingdom, D. and Jenkins, R., 2014. How are nations trying to prevent suicide? An analysis of national suicide prevention strategies.Acta psychiatrica scandinavica,95(6), pp.457-463. Vieland, V., Whittle, B., Garland, A., Hicks, R. and Shaffer, D., 2011. The impact of curriculum-based suicide prevention programs for teenagers: An 18-month follow-up.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,30(5), pp.811-815. Wasserman, D. ed., 2015.Suicide: an unnecessary death. Oxford University Press.